{"hq_id":"hq-p-fod-000079","name":"Sports Water Bottles (Aluminum with Epoxy Lining)","category":{"primary":"food_contact","secondary":"beverage","tags":["water bottle","aluminum","epoxy","BPA","lining","reusable"]},"product_tier":"FOD","overall_risk_level":"moderate","description":"Reusable aluminum water bottles with interior epoxy lining to prevent aluminum-to-water contact. Epoxy linings historically contained BPA. 'BPA-free' linings may use BPA substitutes. Scratched or chipped linings expose aluminum to beverage. Acidic sports drinks accelerate both lining degradation and aluminum leaching.","synthesis":{"derived_risk_level":"moderate","synthesis_confidence":0.5,"synthesis_method":"compound_composition","context_used":"human_child","context_source":"product_users","exposure_modifier":0.977,"vulnerability_escalated":true,"escalation_reason":"Child exposure group","compounds_resolved":2,"compounds_total":2,"synthesis_date":"2026-05-09","synthesis_version":"1.2.0","methodology_note":"exposure_modifier and adjusted_magnitude are computed from ALETHEIA-calibrated heuristics (route × duration × frequency multipliers, clamped to [0.5, 1.4]). Multipliers are directionally informed by EPA Exposure Factors Handbook (2011) and CalEPA OEHHA but are not regulatory consensus. See /api/methodology for full disclosure."},"hazard_summary":{"sensitive_populations":"children, pregnant women","overall_risk":"moderate","primary_concerns":["BPA or BPA-substitute migration from epoxy lining","Aluminum exposure if lining is scratched or degraded","Acidic beverages accelerating both lining degradation and aluminum leaching"],"exposure_routes":"Oral ingestion via beverages"},"exposure":{"routes":["oral"],"contact_types":["oral_direct"],"users":["adult","child"],"duration":"minutes","frequency":"daily","scenarios":["Daily water consumption from aluminum bottle","Acidic sports drinks or citrus water in aluminum bottle","Scratched lining exposing aluminum to beverage"],"notes":"BPA in epoxy linings was the original concern with aluminum water bottles. BPA-free alternatives (BPS, vinyl ester) have similar estrogen receptor binding. Stainless steel bottles avoid the lining issue entirely."},"consumer_guidance":{"usage_warning":"Replace aluminum bottles when lining is scratched, peeling, or visibly worn. Avoid using acidic beverages in aluminum bottles. Consider switching to stainless steel bottles which require no lining.","safer_alternatives":["Stainless steel water bottles (Hydroflask, Klean Kanteen)","Glass water bottles with silicone sleeve","BPA-free Tritan copolyester bottles"],"alternatives":[{"name":"Stainless steel water bottles","notes":"Hydroflask, Klean Kanteen"},{"name":"Glass water bottles with silicone sleeve","notes":"Safer alternative to conventional products"},{"name":"BPA-free Tritan copolyester bottles","notes":"Safer alternative to conventional products"}],"red_flags":[{"indicator":"Scratched, stained, or discolored food-contact surface","meaning":"Surface damage increases chemical migration into food.","action":"Replace food-contact items showing visible wear."},{"indicator":"No FDA compliance or food-safe marking","meaning":"Materials may not meet food-contact safety standards.","action":"Choose products marked FDA-compliant or NSF certified."}],"green_flags":[{"indicator":"Third-party safety certification visible on packaging","meaning":"Product has been independently tested to applicable safety standards.","verification":"Look for certification logos (CPSIA, ASTM, EN, NSF, UL, OEKO-TEX)."}],"what_to_ask":[{"question":"What materials is this product made from?","why_it_matters":"Material composition determines chemical exposure potential.","good_answer":"Full material disclosure with known safe materials.","bad_answer":"No material information or unspecified."}]},"regulatory":{"applicable_regulations":[{"jurisdiction":"USA","regulation":"FDA 21 CFR Parts 170-199","citation":"21 CFR 170-199","requirements":"Food-contact materials must comply with FDA indirect food additive regulations.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":"FDA","penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 + EU 10/2011","citation":"EC 1935/2004, EU 10/2011","requirements":"Materials must not transfer constituents to food exceeding specific migration limits.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null}],"certifications":[{"name":"FDA 21 CFR","issuer":"FDA","standard":"21 CFR Parts 170-199","scope":"Food contact substances"}],"labeling":{"required_disclosures":[],"prop65_warning":{"required":null,"chemicals":[],"endpoint":null,"notes":null},"ghs_labeling":{"required":null,"signal_word":null,"pictograms":[],"hazard_statements":[],"notes":null},"hidden_ingredients":{"trade_secret_protected":null,"categories_hidden":[],"estimated_count":null,"known_concerns":null,"notes":null},"notes":null},"recalls":[],"regulatory_gap":null,"notes":null},"lifecycle":{"recyclable":true,"disposal_guidance":"Aluminum bottles recyclable as scrap aluminum.","hazardous_waste":false,"expected_lifespan":"1-3_years"},"formulation":{"form":"varies","key_ingredients":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000006","name":"Bisphenol A","role":"lining_component","concentration_pct":"trace"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000019","name":"Bisphenol S (BPS)","role":"lining_substitute","concentration_pct":"trace"}],"certifications":[]},"materials":{"common":[],"concerning":[],"preferred":[]},"compound_composition":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000006","compound_name":null,"role":"lining_component","typical_concentration":"trace"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000019","compound_name":null,"role":"lining_substitute","typical_concentration":"trace"}],"identifiers":{"common_names":["sports water bottles (aluminum with epoxy lining)"],"aliases":[],"manufacturer":null,"brands":[]},"brand_examples":[{"brand":"Rubbermaid","manufacturer":"Newell Brands","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Food storage and kitchen brand"},{"brand":"Pyrex","manufacturer":"Corning","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Glass food storage and bakeware"},{"brand":"OXO","manufacturer":"Helen of Troy","market_position":"premium","notable":"Kitchen tools and storage"}],"brand_examples_disclaimer":"Representative branded products of this category. Concerning ingredients listed in materials.concerning[] apply to the category, not necessarily to every named brand. Specific formulations vary by SKU and may have changed since this record was written; consult the brand's current ingredient label before drawing brand-level conclusions.","sources":[{"type":"expert_curation","name":"ALETHEIA Safety Database","date":"2026-03-25"},{"type":"regulation","title":"FDA 21 CFR Parts 170-199 (21 CFR 170-199)","jurisdiction":"USA","citation":"21 CFR 170-199","id":"src_131cd3dc"},{"type":"regulation","title":"Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 + EU 10/2011 (EC 1935/2004, EU 10/2011)","jurisdiction":"EU","citation":"EC 1935/2004, EU 10/2011","id":"src_f722b4a3"},{"type":"regulatory","citation":"EFSA CEP Panel. Re-evaluation of the risks to public health related to the presence of bisphenol A (BPA) in foodstuffs. EFSA Journal 2023;21(4):6857.","url":"https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.6857","date":"2023-04-19","id":"efsa_2023","inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000006"},{"type":"regulatory","citation":"ECHA Member State Committee. Identification of BPA as SVHC.","date":"2017-06-16","id":"echa_svhc_2017","inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000006"},{"id":"efsa_bps_2023","type":"regulatory","title":"EFSA: Bisphenol S — Safety Assessment (in progress)","year":2023,"inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000019"}],"meta":{"schema_version":"4.0.0","last_updated":"2026-03-25","timestamp":"2026-05-13T22:22:39.603Z"}}