{"hq_id":"hq-p-fod-000060","name":"High-Heat Cooking Oils (frying/sautéing)","category":{"primary":"food_contact","secondary":"cooking","tags":["acrolein","acrylamide","cooking_fumes","smoke_point"]},"product_tier":"FOD","overall_risk_level":"moderate","description":"Vegetable and seed oils used for high-temperature cooking: canola, soybean, sunflower, corn, and peanut oil. When heated above smoke point, generate acrolein (IARC 2A), acrylamide (with starchy foods), trans fats, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aldehyde decomposition products. Repeated heating (restaurant deep fryers) dramatically increases toxicant levels. Palm oil production linked to deforestation. Some oils contain residual hexane from extraction.","synthesis":{"derived_risk_level":"moderate_to_high","synthesis_confidence":0.59,"synthesis_method":"compound_composition","context_used":"human_pregnant","context_source":"available_priority","exposure_modifier":1.15,"vulnerability_escalated":false,"escalation_reason":null,"compounds_resolved":2,"compounds_total":2,"synthesis_date":"2026-05-09","synthesis_version":"1.2.0","methodology_note":"exposure_modifier and adjusted_magnitude are computed from ALETHEIA-calibrated heuristics (route × duration × frequency multipliers, clamped to [0.5, 1.4]). Multipliers are directionally informed by EPA Exposure Factors Handbook (2011) and CalEPA OEHHA but are not regulatory consensus. See /api/methodology for full disclosure."},"hazard_summary":{"overall_risk":"moderate","primary_concerns":["Acrolein generation above smoke point (respiratory irritant, IARC 2A)","Acrylamide in fried starchy foods","Aldehyde decomposition products from overheating","Trans fat formation in repeatedly heated oil","Residual hexane from solvent extraction"],"sensitive_populations":"Commercial kitchen workers, children eating fried foods frequently","exposure_routes":"Ingestion (cooked food), inhalation (cooking fumes)"},"exposure":{"routes":["ingestion","inhalation"],"contact_types":[],"users":[],"duration":"lifetime","frequency":"daily","scenarios":["Inhalation exposure during use of High-Heat Cooking Oils (frying/sautéing)"],"notes":"Ingestion of oil + inhalation of cooking fumes"},"consumer_guidance":{"red_flags":["Heating above smoke point (visible smoke)","Reusing frying oil multiple times","Strong off-odor from aged oil"],"green_flags":["Cold-pressed / expeller-pressed (no hexane)","High smoke point oil for intended use","Single-use for deep frying"],"what_to_ask":["What is the smoke point?","Is this hexane-free / cold-pressed?"],"alternatives":["Avocado oil (high smoke point, less aldehyde)","Olive oil (lower temp cooking)","Air frying (less oil)"],"notes":null},"regulatory":{"applicable_regulations":["FDA GRAS (cooking oils)","EU acrylamide benchmark levels","California Prop 65 (acrylamide)","WHO guidelines on trans fat elimination"],"certifications":[],"labeling":{},"recalls":[],"regulatory_gap":null,"notes":null},"lifecycle":{"recyclable":"bottle yes; used oil to recycling center or biodiesel","disposal_guidance":"Never pour down drain; collect for recycling","hazardous_waste":false,"expected_lifespan":"12-24 months sealed"},"formulation":{"form":"cooking_oil","key_ingredients":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000425","name":"Acrolein","role":"thermal_decomposition","concentration_pct":"trace_when_heated"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000427","name":"Acrylamide","role":"frying_byproduct","concentration_pct":"trace_with_starch"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000028","name":"Triglycerides (various fatty acids)","role":"base","concentration_pct":"99+"}],"certifications":[]},"materials":{"common":[],"concerning":[],"preferred":[]},"compound_composition":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000425","compound_name":"Acrolein","role":"toxic_byproduct","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000427","compound_name":"Acrylamide","role":"frying_byproduct","typical_concentration":null}],"identifiers":{"manufacturer":"","common_names":[],"aliases":[],"brands":[]},"brand_examples":[{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand A","manufacturer":"Consumer Products Corporation","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Widely available mass-market option"},{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand B","manufacturer":"Consumer Goods Ltd","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Popular budget alternative"},{"brand":"Premium Brand A","manufacturer":"Premium Consumer Inc","market_position":"premium","notable":"Upscale premium positioning"},{"brand":"Professional Brand","manufacturer":"Professional Products Co","market_position":"professional","notable":"Professional/salon-grade option"},{"brand":"Specialty Eco-Brand","manufacturer":"Natural Products Ltd","market_position":"premium","notable":"Sustainable/natural product line"}],"brand_examples_disclaimer":"Representative branded products of this category. Concerning ingredients listed in materials.concerning[] apply to the category, not necessarily to every named brand. Specific formulations vary by SKU and may have changed since this record was written; consult the brand's current ingredient label before drawing brand-level conclusions.","sources":[{"type":"expert_curation","name":"ALETHEIA Safety Database","date":"2026-03-23"},{"type":"regulation","title":"FDA GRAS (cooking oils)","jurisdiction":"","id":"src_cdda7a4c"},{"type":"regulation","title":"EU acrylamide benchmark levels","jurisdiction":"","id":"src_af9c822c"},{"type":"regulation","title":"California Prop 65 (acrylamide)","jurisdiction":"","id":"src_3adcb738"},{"type":"regulation","title":"WHO guidelines on trans fat elimination","jurisdiction":"","id":"src_7bfa54d8"},{"id":"epa_otolidine_2000","type":"regulatory","title":"US EPA o-Tolidine Assessment: Group B2 Probable Carcinogen; DPD Replacement of Pool Test Kits; Polyurethane Chain Extender; Azo Dye Precursor; Dermal Exposure in Pool Operators; Cancer Slope Factor Established","year":2000,"inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000425"},{"id":"iarc_otolidine_vol1_1972","type":"iarc_monograph","title":"IARC Monographs Volume 1: Some Inorganic Substances, Chlorinated Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Amines — 3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine Group 2B; Bladder and Zymbal's Gland Tumors; Benzidine Structural Analog; OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1006; Pool Chlorine Test Kit Historical Use","year":1972,"inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000425"},{"id":"epa_melphalan_2000","type":"regulatory","title":"US EPA Melphalan: Carcinogenic to Humans; NIOSH Hazardous Drug; Isolated Limb Perfusion Melanoma/Sarcoma; MP Regimen Elderly Myeloma Historical AML Risk; Hydrolytic Instability Environmental Mitigation","year":2000,"inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000427"},{"id":"iarc_melphalan_vol100a_2012","type":"iarc_monograph","title":"IARC Monographs Volume 100A: Pharmaceuticals — Melphalan Group 1; AML in Multiple Myeloma Patients; Bifunctional Guanine N7 Alkylation; del(5q)/del(7q) Alkylator-AML Karyotype; High-dose Transplant Conditioning","year":2012,"inherited_from_compound":"hq-c-org-000427"},{"type":"monograph","title":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)","jurisdiction":"International","id":"src_d9ebbaf2","extraction":"description_reference"}],"meta":{"schema_version":"4.0.0","last_updated":"2026-03-25","timestamp":"2026-05-13T22:24:16.648Z"}}