{"hq_id":"hq-p-fod-000053","name":"Bottled Water and Municipal Water Near AFFF Training Zones and Airports","category":{"primary":"food_contact","secondary":"","tags":[]},"product_tier":"FOD","overall_risk_level":"low","description":"PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, GenX, PFBS) from legacy AFFF use at airports and fire training areas; bioaccumulation; immune suppression and thyroid disruption in exposed populations; no federal MCL; some bottled water sourced from contaminated groundwater Key materials: PFAS Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) in Military and Airport Groundwater.","synthesis":{"derived_risk_level":"moderate_to_high","synthesis_confidence":0.713,"synthesis_method":"compound_composition","context_used":"human_infant","context_source":"product_users","exposure_modifier":0.977,"vulnerability_escalated":true,"escalation_reason":"Infant exposure group","compounds_resolved":2,"compounds_total":2,"synthesis_date":"2026-05-09","synthesis_version":"1.2.0","methodology_note":"exposure_modifier and adjusted_magnitude are computed from ALETHEIA-calibrated heuristics (route × duration × frequency multipliers, clamped to [0.5, 1.4]). Multipliers are directionally informed by EPA Exposure Factors Handbook (2011) and CalEPA OEHHA but are not regulatory consensus. See /api/methodology for full disclosure."},"hazard_summary":{"overall_risk":"low","primary_concerns":["Overall risk level: low."],"sensitive_populations":"","exposure_routes":""},"exposure":{"routes":["dermal"],"contact_types":["oral_direct","dermal"],"users":["adult","child","infant"],"duration":"minutes","frequency":"daily","scenarios":["Incidental mouthing or hand-to-mouth transfer by children"],"notes":"Exposure to Bottled Water and Municipal Water Near AFFF Training Zones and Airports occurs via dermal. Children and infants face higher exposure per body weight due to developing detoxification systems, higher surface-area-to-weight ratio, and behavioral factors (mouthing, crawling)."},"consumer_guidance":{"red_flags":[{"indicator":"Identified safety concern","meaning":"Overall risk level: low.","action":"Review safety data; follow use guidelines; consider alternatives"}],"green_flags":[{"indicator":"NSF/ANSI 42 or 53 certified treatment","meaning":"Water treatment device independently verified for contaminant reduction","verification":"Check NSF International database for certified devices"}],"what_to_ask":[{"question":"What contaminants have been detected in my water supply?","why_it_matters":"EPA MCLs do not cover all contaminants of concern; check your local Consumer Confidence Report or EWG Tap Water Database"}],"alternatives":[{"name":"Reverse osmosis filtered water","notes":"Removes PFAS and other contaminants more effectively than standard filtration"},{"name":"Distilled water","notes":"Boiling and condensation process removes most PFAS compounds from source water"}],"notes":null},"regulatory":{"applicable_regulations":[{"jurisdiction":"USA","regulation":"Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) — EPA MCLs","citation":null,"requirements":"Maximum contaminant levels for >90 chemicals in public water systems. Lead and Copper Rule. PFAS MCLs (4 ppt PFOA/PFOS, Hazard Index for PFHxS/PFNA/HFPO-DA/PFBS).","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"USA","regulation":"NSF/ANSI 61 — Drinking Water System Components","citation":null,"requirements":"Products in contact with drinking water must not leach contaminants above health-effects levels. Applies to pipes, fittings, treatment chemicals.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"REACH — Universal PFAS Restriction (proposed 2023, adoption pending)","citation":null,"requirements":"Proposed ban on manufacture, use, and placing on the market of >10,000 PFAS substances with limited exemptions. If adopted, would be the most comprehensive chemical restriction in EU history.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null}],"certifications":[{"name":"EPA SDWA","issuer":"EPA","standard":"Safe Drinking Water Act","scope":"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations, MCLs"},{"name":"NSF/ANSI 61","issuer":"NSF International","standard":"NSF/ANSI 61 Drinking Water System Components","scope":"Health effects of drinking water system components"}],"labeling":{"required_disclosures":[],"prop65_warning":{"required":null,"chemicals":[],"endpoint":null,"notes":null},"ghs_labeling":{"required":null,"signal_word":null,"pictograms":[],"hazard_statements":[],"notes":null},"hidden_ingredients":{"trade_secret_protected":null,"categories_hidden":[],"estimated_count":null,"known_concerns":null,"notes":null},"notes":null},"recalls":[],"regulatory_gap":null,"notes":null},"lifecycle":{"recyclable":null,"disposal_guidance":"N/A — infrastructure","hazardous_waste":false,"expected_lifespan":"10+_years"},"formulation":{"form":"solid","key_ingredients":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000146","name":"Polypropylene (PP) or Polyethylene (PE) resin","role":"base_material","concentration_pct":"93-96"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000109","name":"Antioxidant stabilizer","role":"stabilizer","concentration_pct":"0.1-0.5"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000043","name":"Colorant","role":"colorant","concentration_pct":"0.5-2"}],"certifications":[]},"materials":{"common":[{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000039","material_name":"PFAS Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) in Military and Airport Groundwater","component":null,"prevalence":"common"}],"concerning":[{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000039","concern":"Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) (GHS: Warning)","compounds_of_concern":["Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF)"],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000039","concern":"Potential contaminant: PFOS and precursor transformation products","compounds_of_concern":["hq-c-org-001710"],"source_refs":[]}],"preferred":[]},"compound_composition":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000091","compound_name":"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)","role":"base","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000020","compound_name":"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)","role":"base","typical_concentration":null}],"identifiers":{"common_names":["bottled water and municipal water near afff training zones and airports","bottled water","municipal water near afff training zones","airports","bottled water and municipal water near afff training zones and airport"],"brands":["Bottled water drawn from contaminated aquifers near airports/military zones","Municipal supplies serving airport communities","Water near commercial/military fire training facilities"],"aliases":[],"manufacturer":null},"brand_examples":[{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand A","manufacturer":"Consumer Products Corporation","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Widely available mass-market option"},{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand B","manufacturer":"Consumer Goods Ltd","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Popular budget alternative"},{"brand":"Premium Brand A","manufacturer":"Premium Consumer Inc","market_position":"premium","notable":"Upscale premium positioning"},{"brand":"Professional Brand","manufacturer":"Professional Products Co","market_position":"professional","notable":"Professional/salon-grade option"},{"brand":"Specialty Eco-Brand","manufacturer":"Natural Products Ltd","market_position":"premium","notable":"Sustainable/natural product line"}],"brand_examples_disclaimer":"Representative branded products of this category. Concerning ingredients listed in materials.concerning[] apply to the category, not necessarily to every named brand. Specific formulations vary by SKU and may have changed since this record was written; consult the brand's current ingredient label before drawing brand-level conclusions.","sources":[{"id":"epa_pfas","type":"reference","notes":"https://www.epa.gov/pfas","inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000039"},{"id":"usaf_bases","type":"reference","notes":"USAF PFAS Contamination Assessment (2018–2024)","inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000039"},{"id":"atsdr_pfas","type":"reference","notes":"ATSDR PFAS toxicological summary","inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000039"}],"meta":{"schema_version":"4.0.0","last_updated":"2026-03-25","timestamp":"2026-05-13T22:23:16.141Z"}}