{"hq_id":"hq-p-fod-000046","name":"Single-Use PET Bottled Water","category":{"primary":"food_contact","secondary":"","tags":[]},"product_tier":"FOD","overall_risk_level":"moderate","description":"325 MPs/L vs. tap water 5 MPs/L; 65× higher concentration; marketed as superior Key materials: Microplastics in Human Blood, Placenta, and Reproductive Tissue.","synthesis":{"derived_risk_level":"moderate_to_high","synthesis_confidence":0.648,"synthesis_method":"compound_composition","context_used":"human_infant","context_source":"product_users","exposure_modifier":1.173,"vulnerability_escalated":true,"escalation_reason":"Infant exposure group","compounds_resolved":1,"compounds_total":1,"synthesis_date":"2026-05-09","synthesis_version":"1.2.0","methodology_note":"exposure_modifier and adjusted_magnitude are computed from ALETHEIA-calibrated heuristics (route × duration × frequency multipliers, clamped to [0.5, 1.4]). Multipliers are directionally informed by EPA Exposure Factors Handbook (2011) and CalEPA OEHHA but are not regulatory consensus. See /api/methodology for full disclosure."},"hazard_summary":{"sensitive_populations":"infants, children","overall_risk":"moderate","primary_concerns":["Overall risk level: moderate."],"exposure_routes":""},"exposure":{"routes":["dermal"],"contact_types":["oral_indirect","ingestion"],"users":["adult","child","infant"],"duration":"minutes","frequency":"daily","scenarios":["Incidental mouthing or hand-to-mouth transfer by children"],"notes":"Exposure to Single-Use PET Bottled Water occurs via dermal. Children and infants face higher exposure per body weight due to developing detoxification systems, higher surface-area-to-weight ratio, and behavioral factors (mouthing, crawling)."},"consumer_guidance":{"red_flags":[{"indicator":"Identified safety concern","meaning":"Overall risk level: moderate.","action":"Review safety data; follow use guidelines; consider alternatives"}],"green_flags":[{"indicator":"Third-party tested for contaminants","meaning":"Independent lab verification of safety claims","verification":"Look for NSF, FDA, or EU compliance certification"}],"what_to_ask":[{"question":"What materials are in direct contact with food?","why_it_matters":"Migration of chemicals from packaging or cookware into food depends on the contact material, temperature, and duration"}],"alternatives":[{"name":"Filtered Tap Water with Reusable Bottle","notes":"Eliminates plastic waste and leaching concerns; more cost-effective"},{"name":"Glass Bottled Water","notes":"Inert material prevents chemical leaching; better long-term storage"},{"name":"Water Filtration System","notes":"Home system reduces microplastics and contaminants; sustainable option"}],"notes":null},"regulatory":{"applicable_regulations":[{"jurisdiction":"USA","regulation":"FDA 21 CFR Parts 170–189 (Food Contact Substances)","citation":null,"requirements":"All food-contact materials must comply with FDA regulations for indirect food additives. Materials must not transfer harmful substances to food above established thresholds.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (Framework Regulation on Food Contact Materials)","citation":null,"requirements":"Materials and articles intended to come into contact with food must not transfer constituents to food in quantities that could endanger human health or bring about unacceptable change in food composition.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 (Plastics in Food Contact)","citation":null,"requirements":"Specific migration limits (SMLs) for monomers and additives. Overall migration limit: 10 mg/dm² or 60 mg/kg food. Positive list of authorized substances.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"USA — California","regulation":"California Proposition 65 (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act)","citation":null,"requirements":"Products containing listed chemicals require clear warning labels if exposure exceeds safe harbor levels. Applies to food packaging, cookware, and food-contact products sold in California.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null}],"certifications":[{"name":"FDA 21 CFR","issuer":"FDA","standard":"21 CFR Parts 170-199","scope":"Food contact substances, indirect food additives, migration limits"},{"name":"EU 10/2011","issuer":"European Commission","standard":"Regulation (EU) No 10/2011","scope":"Plastic materials intended to come into contact with food"},{"name":"NSF/ANSI 51","issuer":"NSF International","standard":"NSF/ANSI 51 Food Equipment Materials","scope":"Materials used in commercial food equipment"}],"labeling":{"required_disclosures":[],"prop65_warning":{"required":null,"chemicals":[],"endpoint":null,"notes":null},"ghs_labeling":{"required":null,"signal_word":null,"pictograms":[],"hazard_statements":[],"notes":null},"hidden_ingredients":{"trade_secret_protected":null,"categories_hidden":[],"estimated_count":null,"known_concerns":null,"notes":null},"notes":null},"recalls":[],"regulatory_gap":null,"notes":null},"lifecycle":{"recyclable":true,"disposal_guidance":"Recycle by resin code if marked; check local program; food-soiled items may not be accepted","hazardous_waste":false,"expected_lifespan":"1-3_years"},"formulation":{"form":"solid","key_ingredients":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-001116","name":"PET resin (Polyethylene terephthalate)","role":"base_material","concentration_pct":"95-98"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000028","name":"Acetaldehyde","role":"additive","concentration_pct":"trace"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000161","name":"Antimony trioxide","role":"additive","concentration_pct":"trace"}],"certifications":[]},"materials":{"common":[{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000034","material_name":"Microplastics in Human Blood, Placenta, and Reproductive Tissue","component":null,"prevalence":"common"}],"concerning":[{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000034","concern":"Microplastics detected in human placenta (both sides), blood, lungs, testicular tissue, and meconium; ongoing accumulation; no toxicological endpoints established","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000034","concern":"Bottled water contains 65× more MPs than tap water; bottled water marketed as 'pure,' 'filtered,' 'natural'; consumer pays premium for higher MP concentration; regulatory framework allows higher MP levels in bottled vs. tap water","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000034","concern":"Testicular MP accumulation correlated with lower sperm counts (Li et al. 2024); reproductive and developmental toxicity concern; limited mechanistic understanding","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000034","concern":"WHO 2019: recommended 'more research needed'; no regulatory framework globally sets maximum for MPs in food, water, or medical devices; no standard toxicological endpoints 5 years later (2024)","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000034","concern":"Potential contaminant: Adsorbed environmental pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, heavy metals)","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]}],"preferred":[]},"compound_composition":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000687","compound_name":"Polyethylene (PE)","role":"base","typical_concentration":null}],"identifiers":{"common_names":["single-use pet bottled water"],"brands":["Dasani","Aquafina","Poland Spring","Evian","SmartWater"],"aliases":[],"manufacturer":null},"brand_examples":[{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand A","manufacturer":"Consumer Products Corporation","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Widely available mass-market option"},{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand B","manufacturer":"Consumer Goods Ltd","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Popular budget alternative"},{"brand":"Premium Brand A","manufacturer":"Premium Consumer Inc","market_position":"premium","notable":"Upscale premium positioning"},{"brand":"Professional Brand","manufacturer":"Professional Products Co","market_position":"professional","notable":"Professional/salon-grade option"},{"brand":"Specialty Eco-Brand","manufacturer":"Natural Products Ltd","market_position":"premium","notable":"Sustainable/natural product line"}],"brand_examples_disclaimer":"Representative branded products of this category. Concerning ingredients listed in materials.concerning[] apply to the category, not necessarily to every named brand. Specific formulations vary by SKU and may have changed since this record was written; consult the brand's current ingredient label before drawing brand-level conclusions.","sources":[{"id":"src_001","type":"journal","title":"Ragusa et al. 2021: Microplastics in Human Placental Tissue (Environment International)","year":2021,"inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000034"},{"id":"src_002","type":"journal","title":"Leslie et al. 2022: Microplastics in Human Blood (Environment International)","year":2022,"inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000034"},{"id":"src_003","type":"journal","title":"Li et al. 2024: Polyethylene MPs in Human Testis; Correlation with Lower Sperm Counts (Science of the Total Environment)","year":2024,"inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000034"},{"id":"src_004","type":"report","title":"WHO 2019: Microplastics in Drinking Water; Bottled vs. Tap 65× Difference (325 vs. 5 MPs/L)","year":2019,"inherited_from":"hq-m-env-000034"}],"meta":{"schema_version":"4.0.0","last_updated":"2026-03-25","timestamp":"2026-05-13T22:23:14.135Z"}}