{"hq_id":"hq-p-fod-000021","name":"Canned and Jarred Tomato Products (Sauce, Paste, Diced Tomatoes)","category":{"primary":"food_contact","secondary":"","tags":[]},"product_tier":"FOD","overall_risk_level":"high","description":"Tomato products are the highest-BPA leaching food category. Low acidity (pH 4.0-4.5) combined with sterilization at 121°C creates optimal BPA migration conditions.","synthesis":{"derived_risk_level":"high","synthesis_confidence":0.5,"synthesis_method":"compound_composition","context_used":"human_child","context_source":"product_users","exposure_modifier":1.173,"vulnerability_escalated":true,"escalation_reason":"Child exposure group","compounds_resolved":1,"compounds_total":1,"synthesis_date":"2026-05-09","synthesis_version":"1.2.0","methodology_note":"exposure_modifier and adjusted_magnitude are computed from ALETHEIA-calibrated heuristics (route × duration × frequency multipliers, clamped to [0.5, 1.4]). Multipliers are directionally informed by EPA Exposure Factors Handbook (2011) and CalEPA OEHHA but are not regulatory consensus. See /api/methodology for full disclosure."},"hazard_summary":{"critical_concern":"Tomato products are the highest-BPA migration food category due to low pH (4.0-4.5), high organic acid content, and sterilization temperatures (121°C). Mediterranean/Italian/Mexican/Indian cooking cultures = frequent tomato use → chronic BPA body burden. BPA linked to cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, fertility effects at environmental exposure levels.","key_hazards":["BPA migration 0.05-100 ppb (highest of all food categories)","Low pH and high acidity drive migration rate","Sterilization at 121°C accelerates BPA leaching","BPA-free can linings (BPS/BFDGE) may pose equivalent endocrine disruption"],"overall_risk":"high","primary_concerns":[],"sensitive_populations":"","exposure_routes":""},"exposure":{"routes":["dermal"],"contact_types":["oral_indirect","ingestion"],"users":["adult","child","pregnant"],"duration":"minutes","frequency":"daily","scenarios":["Incidental mouthing or hand-to-mouth transfer by children","Exposure during pregnancy with potential fetal transfer"],"notes":"Exposure to Canned and Jarred Tomato Products (Sauce, Paste, Diced Tomatoes) occurs via dermal. Children and infants face higher exposure per body weight due to developing detoxification systems, higher surface-area-to-weight ratio, and behavioral factors (mouthing, crawling). Pregnant individuals face additional risk from placental transfer of absorbed compounds to the developing fetus."},"consumer_guidance":{"red_flags":[{"indicator":"Contains endocrine disruptor(s)","meaning":"BPA, BPS/BFDGE — may interfere with hormone function","action":"Avoid during pregnancy and for children; choose certified alternatives"}],"green_flags":[{"indicator":"Third-party tested for contaminants","meaning":"Independent lab verification of safety claims","verification":"Look for NSF, FDA, or EU compliance certification"}],"what_to_ask":[{"question":"What materials are in direct contact with food?","why_it_matters":"Migration of chemicals from packaging or cookware into food depends on the contact material, temperature, and duration"}],"alternatives":[{"name":"Fresh tomatoes","notes":"No processing chemicals, better nutritional profile, shorter shelf life requires careful storage"},{"name":"Frozen tomato products","notes":"Less processing, retains nutrients, avoids metal/BPA lining concerns in cans"},{"name":"Glass jar tomato products","notes":"No BPA or metal lining concerns, more environmentally recyclable than cans"}],"notes":null},"regulatory":{"applicable_regulations":[{"jurisdiction":"USA","regulation":"FDA 21 CFR Parts 170–189 (Food Contact Substances)","citation":null,"requirements":"All food-contact materials must comply with FDA regulations for indirect food additives. Materials must not transfer harmful substances to food above established thresholds.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (Framework Regulation on Food Contact Materials)","citation":null,"requirements":"Materials and articles intended to come into contact with food must not transfer constituents to food in quantities that could endanger human health or bring about unacceptable change in food composition.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 (Plastics in Food Contact)","citation":null,"requirements":"Specific migration limits (SMLs) for monomers and additives. Overall migration limit: 10 mg/dm² or 60 mg/kg food. Positive list of authorized substances.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"USA — California","regulation":"California Proposition 65 (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act)","citation":null,"requirements":"Products containing listed chemicals require clear warning labels if exposure exceeds safe harbor levels. Applies to food packaging, cookware, and food-contact products sold in California.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null}],"certifications":[{"name":"FDA 21 CFR","issuer":"FDA","standard":"21 CFR Parts 170-199","scope":"Food contact substances, indirect food additives, migration limits"},{"name":"EU 10/2011","issuer":"European Commission","standard":"Regulation (EU) No 10/2011","scope":"Plastic materials intended to come into contact with food"},{"name":"NSF/ANSI 51","issuer":"NSF International","standard":"NSF/ANSI 51 Food Equipment Materials","scope":"Materials used in commercial food equipment"}],"labeling":{"required_disclosures":[],"prop65_warning":{"required":null,"chemicals":[],"endpoint":null,"notes":null},"ghs_labeling":{"required":null,"signal_word":null,"pictograms":[],"hazard_statements":[],"notes":null},"hidden_ingredients":{"trade_secret_protected":null,"categories_hidden":[],"estimated_count":null,"known_concerns":null,"notes":null},"notes":null},"recalls":[],"regulatory_gap":null,"notes":null},"lifecycle":{"recyclable":true,"disposal_guidance":"Recycle by resin code if marked; check local program; food-soiled items may not be accepted","hazardous_waste":false,"expected_lifespan":"1-3_years"},"formulation":{"form":"composite_material","key_ingredients":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000014","name":"Steel substrate","role":"base_material","concentration_pct":"85"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000047","name":"Tin coating","role":"coating","concentration_pct":"3-5"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000633","name":"Epoxy resin lining (BPA-based historical)","role":"liner","concentration_pct":"1-2"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000043","name":"Lacquer topcoat","role":"coating","concentration_pct":"0.5-1"}],"certifications":[]},"materials":{"common":[{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000021","material_name":"BPA epoxy can lining","component":"food contact barrier","prevalence":"common"}],"concerning":[{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000021","concern":"Biofilm matrix (exopolysaccharides, proteins, DNA)","compounds_of_concern":["Biofilm matrix (exopolysaccharides, proteins, DNA)"],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000021","concern":"Legionella pneumophila (gram-negative bacterium)","compounds_of_concern":["Legionella pneumophila (gram-negative bacterium)"],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000021","concern":"Legionella-associated biofilm matrix metals","compounds_of_concern":["Legionella-associated biofilm matrix metals"],"source_refs":[]},{"material_id":"hq-m-env-000021","concern":"Potential contaminant: Legionella-associated biofilm matrix metals","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]}],"preferred":[]},"compound_composition":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000006","compound_name":"Bisphenol A (BPA)","role":"epoxy can lining (legacy/some brands)","typical_concentration":null}],"identifiers":{"common_names":["tomato sauce","tomato paste","canned tomatoes","jarred tomato"],"aliases":[],"manufacturer":null,"brands":[]},"brand_examples":[{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand A","manufacturer":"Consumer Products Corporation","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Widely available mass-market option"},{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand B","manufacturer":"Consumer Goods Ltd","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Popular budget alternative"},{"brand":"Premium Brand A","manufacturer":"Premium Consumer Inc","market_position":"premium","notable":"Upscale premium positioning"},{"brand":"Professional Brand","manufacturer":"Professional Products Co","market_position":"professional","notable":"Professional/salon-grade option"},{"brand":"Specialty Eco-Brand","manufacturer":"Natural Products Ltd","market_position":"premium","notable":"Sustainable/natural product line"}],"brand_examples_disclaimer":"Representative branded products of this category. Concerning ingredients listed in materials.concerning[] apply to the category, not necessarily to every named brand. Specific formulations vary by SKU and may have changed since this record was written; consult the brand's current ingredient label before drawing brand-level conclusions.","sources":[{"id":"src_001","type":"journal","title":"BPA Migration from Food Cans","year":2018},{"type":"regulation","title":"FDA 21 CFR Parts 170–189 (Food Contact Substances)","jurisdiction":"USA","id":"src_236ea76c"},{"type":"regulation","title":"Regulation (EC) No 1935/2004 (Framework Regulation on Food Contact Materials)","jurisdiction":"EU","id":"src_5c7d1067"},{"type":"regulation","title":"Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 (Plastics in Food Contact)","jurisdiction":"EU","id":"src_acd69b29"},{"type":"regulation","title":"California Proposition 65 (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act)","jurisdiction":"USA — California","id":"src_a6f0bc64"}],"meta":{"schema_version":"4.0.0","last_updated":"2026-03-25","timestamp":"2026-05-13T22:25:48.061Z"}}