{"hq_id":"hq-p-bdy-000075","name":"Pencil eyeliner / kohl","category":{"primary":"personal_care","secondary":"eye_makeup","tags":["pencil eyeliner / kohl","eye_makeup","cosmetic","makeup"]},"product_tier":"BDY","overall_risk_level":"moderate","description":"Pencil and kohl eyeliners are applied by direct drawing on the eyelid and waterline, creating prolonged skin contact and potential eye exposure. The formulation is anhydrous with wax and oil bases (petroleum-derived paraffin or plant-based carnauba wax) and carbon black or iron oxides as colorants. Legacy kohl products may contain lead (historically common in South Asian and Middle Eastern formulations). Modern formulations use safer colorants but the waterline application and potential leaching remain a concern for sensitive eyes.","synthesis":{"derived_risk_level":"low","synthesis_confidence":0.547,"synthesis_method":"partial","context_used":"human_pregnant","context_source":"product_users","exposure_modifier":0.85,"vulnerability_escalated":false,"escalation_reason":null,"compounds_resolved":4,"compounds_total":6,"synthesis_date":"2026-03-27","synthesis_version":"1.0.0"},"hazard_summary":{"sensitive_populations":"pregnant women, sensitive skin individuals","overall_risk":"moderate","primary_concerns":["IARC Group 2B; primary dark pigment"],"exposure_routes":"dermal contact, inhalation (for powder formulations)"},"exposure":{"routes":["dermal"],"contact_types":["skin_contact"],"users":["adult","pregnant"],"duration":"minutes","frequency":"regular","scenarios":["Exposure during pregnancy with potential fetal transfer"],"notes":"Regular cosmetic product use; typical application 3-4x weekly for eye/face products, daily for base/primer products."},"consumer_guidance":{"red_flags":[{"indicator":"Product contains talc without 'talc-free' certification","meaning":"Talc may contain asbestos or heavy metal contaminants depending on source.","action":"Switch to explicitly talc-free formulation."},{"indicator":"Fragrance listed as single ingredient without breakdown","meaning":"Fragrance can mask dozens of undisclosed compounds including allergens and phthalates.","action":"Choose fragrance-free alternative or brand with full fragrance disclosure."}],"green_flags":[{"indicator":"Talc-free formulation; preservative-free or phenoxyethanol only","meaning":"Eliminates talc contamination and harsh preservative concerns.","verification":"Read ingredient label; confirm 'talc-free' claim."},{"indicator":"EWG Skin Deep Green rating","meaning":"Third-party verification of ingredient safety.","verification":"Check ewg.org/skindeep"}],"what_to_ask":[{"question":"Is this product talc-free and paraben-free?","why_it_matters":"Talc contamination risk; parabens are endocrine disruptors.","good_answer":"Yes, talc-free and paraben-free formulation.","bad_answer":"Contains talc; contains methylparaben or propylparaben."}],"alternatives":[{"name":"Mineral-based cosmetics (talc-free)","notes":"Use mica or silica instead of talc; cleaner ingredient profile"},{"name":"Paraben-free formulations","notes":"Phenoxyethanol or alternative preservatives"}],"notes":null},"regulatory":{"applicable_regulations":[{"jurisdiction":"USA","regulation":"FDA Cosmetics Regulation","citation":null,"requirements":"No pre-market approval required. Ingredient labeling required by INCI name.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null},{"jurisdiction":"EU","regulation":"EU Cosmetics Regulation 1223/2009","citation":null,"requirements":"Full ingredient disclosure; 1,600+ banned/restricted substances list.","compliance_status":null,"effective_date":null,"enforcing_agency":null,"penalties":null,"source_ref":null}],"certifications":[{"name":"FDA Cosmetic","issuer":"FDA","standard":"21 CFR 700-740","scope":"Cosmetic safety and labeling"}],"labeling":{"required_disclosures":[],"prop65_warning":{"required":null,"chemicals":[],"endpoint":null,"notes":null},"ghs_labeling":{"required":null,"signal_word":null,"pictograms":[],"hazard_statements":[],"notes":null},"hidden_ingredients":{"trade_secret_protected":null,"categories_hidden":[],"estimated_count":null,"known_concerns":null,"notes":null},"notes":null},"recalls":[],"regulatory_gap":null,"notes":null},"lifecycle":{"recyclable":false,"disposal_guidance":"Empty containers may be recyclable; check local guidelines.","hazardous_waste":false,"expected_lifespan":"6-12 months"},"formulation":{"form":"solid","key_ingredients":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000001","name":"Carbon black (CI 77266)","role":"colorant","concentration_pct":"variable"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000682","name":"Paraffin wax","role":"binder/texture","concentration_pct":"variable"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000007","name":"Beeswax","role":"thickener/texture","concentration_pct":"variable"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000705","name":"Isopropyl myristate","role":"emollient/slip agent","concentration_pct":"variable"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-001347","name":"Caprylic/Capric triglyceride","role":"emollient","concentration_pct":"variable"},{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000047","name":"Iron oxides","role":"colorant","concentration_pct":"variable"}],"certifications":[]},"materials":{"common":[{"material_id":null,"material_name":"Carbon black (CI 77266)","component":"colorant","prevalence":"very_common","notes":"IARC Group 2B; primary dark pigment"},{"material_id":"hq-m-chm-000003","material_name":"Paraffin wax","component":"binder/texture","prevalence":"common","notes":"Petroleum-derived; minimally bioavailable","hq_id":"hq-m-chm-000003"}],"concerning":[{"material_id":null,"material_name":"Carbon black (CI 77266)","concern":"IARC Group 2B; primary dark pigment","compounds_of_concern":[],"source_refs":[]}],"preferred":[{"material_id":null,"material_name":"Safer alternative: Pencil eyeliner / kohl without concerning ingredients","why_preferred":"Eliminates primary hazard compounds while maintaining functionality.","tradeoffs":"May have higher price; performance or texture differences may exist."}]},"compound_composition":[{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000538","compound_name":"Carbon black (CI 77266)","role":"compound_of_concern","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000682","compound_name":"Paraffin wax","role":"ingredient","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":null,"compound_name":"Beeswax","role":"ingredient","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000705","compound_name":"Isopropyl myristate","role":"ingredient","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-001347","compound_name":"Caprylic/Capric triglyceride","role":"ingredient","typical_concentration":null},{"hq_id":null,"compound_name":"Iron oxides","role":"ingredient","typical_concentration":null}],"identifiers":{"common_names":["Pencil eyeliner / kohl"],"aliases":[],"manufacturer":null,"brands":["Bobbi Brown","Clinique","MAC","Nars"]},"brand_examples":[{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand A","manufacturer":"Consumer Products Corporation","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Widely available mass-market option"},{"brand":"Generic Mass-Market Brand B","manufacturer":"Consumer Goods Ltd","market_position":"mass_market","notable":"Popular budget alternative"},{"brand":"Premium Brand A","manufacturer":"Premium Consumer Inc","market_position":"premium","notable":"Upscale premium positioning"},{"brand":"Professional Brand","manufacturer":"Professional Products Co","market_position":"professional","notable":"Professional/salon-grade option"},{"brand":"Specialty Eco-Brand","manufacturer":"Natural Products Ltd","market_position":"premium","notable":"Sustainable/natural product line"}],"sources":[{"title":"FDA - Cosmetics","type":"regulatory","url":"https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics","accessed":"2026-03-23"},{"title":"EU Regulation (EC) 1223/2009 on cosmetic products","type":"regulatory","url":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009R1223","accessed":"2026-03-23"},{"title":"EWG Skin Deep Database","type":"database","url":"https://www.ewg.org/skindeep/","accessed":"2026-03-23"},{"title":"International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Standards","type":"industry","url":"https://www.ifraorg.org/","accessed":"2026-03-23"}],"meta":{"schema_version":"4.0.0","last_updated":"2026-03-25","timestamp":"2026-05-02T18:21:07.123Z"}}