{"hq_id":"hq-c-org-000598","name":"Propionic acid (E280)","context":"human_adult","timestamp":"2026-10-27T20:53:59.304Z","derived_by":{"label":"ALETHEIA-derived","engine":{"commit":"a1c6e861599cc34c5db0318ea1a7ac13a327e074","commit_source":"vercel_env","tree_clean":null},"params":{"sha256":"88ae43137e58ed0cd65588409efefee0d90253da01ef4459bf9ee25f888ec9a0","files":["axes.json","context-specificity.json","regulatory-mappings.json","synthesis-params.json","thresholds.json"]},"clock":{"year":2026},"inputs":[{"id":"hq-c-org-000598","sha256":"c64678f7bf6f32749934794ac6ee1c493ae6fa24ba44fb999ef3966217458dfe"}]},"risk_level":"low","risk_profile":{"magnitude":{"mean":0.2,"weightedMean":0.2,"std_dev":0,"confidence_interval_95":[0.2,0.2],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.2,"weight":0.35}]},"confidence":{"mean":0.5,"weightedMean":0.5,"std_dev":0,"confidence_interval_95":[0.5,0.5],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.5,"weight":0.35}]},"recency":{"mean":1,"weightedMean":1,"std_dev":0,"confidence_interval_95":[1,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":1,"weight":0.35}]},"methodology":{"mean":0.7,"weightedMean":0.7,"std_dev":0,"confidence_interval_95":[0.7,0.7],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.7,"weight":0.35}]},"specificity":{"mean":0.92,"weightedMean":0.92,"std_dev":0,"confidence_interval_95":[0.92,0.92],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.92,"weight":0.35}]},"consensus":{"exists":false,"strength":0,"disagreement_magnitude":0,"warning":"single_source_warning"}},"interpretation":{"summary":"Single source (HQ_DIRECT, 2026) indicates low risk.","confidence_note":"Evidence quality varies; interpretation requires caution.","context_note":null,"warning":"single_source_warning"},"sources":[{"id":"propionic_acid_e280_efsa2014","type":"regulatory","title":"Propionic Acid E280 CAS 79-09-4 CH3CH2COOH pKa 4.87 E280-E283; EFSA 2014; FDA GRAS 21 CFR 184.1081; Swiss Cheese 1-2% Propionibacterium Freudenreichii Shermanii Lactate Fermentation; Gut Microbiota Bacteroides Veillonella SCFA Portal Vein 3-4 µM; Succinyl-CoA TCA Propionyl-CoA Methylmalonyl-CoA Pathway; Propionic Acidemia PA Methylmalonic Acidemia MMA Rare Inborn Error Metabolic Acidosis; Grain Preservation High-Moisture Animal Feed; Propanoate Ester Fruit Flavors; Herbicide Fenoprop Intermediate; Autism ICV Injection Controversy Physiologically Irrelevant","year":2014},{"id":"r60-2026-09-30-d969-efsa-2014-3779-propionates","type":"regulatory","title":"Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of propionic acid (E 280), sodium propionate (E 281), calcium propionate (E 282) and potassium propionate (E 283) as food additives","url":"https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/3779"},{"id":"echa-chem-reach-registrations","type":"regulatory","title":"ECHA CHEM, Download all substances: REACH registrations (ECHA's own list of REACH-registered substances)","year":2026,"url":"https://chem.echa.europa.eu/"},{"id":"src_pubchem_tox_1032","type":"pubchem","title":"PubChem: Toxicity section (CID 1032)","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1032/JSON?heading=Toxicity"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-02-d983-ac4-ctx-apis-data-domains","type":"regulatory","title":"Computational Toxicology and Exposure APIs: Data Domains (EPA CCTE)","url":"https://www.epa.gov/comptox-tools/computational-toxicology-and-exposure-apis-data-domains"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-02-d983-ac4-ctx-dashboard-release-notes","type":"regulatory","title":"CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: Release Notes (EPA)","url":"https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/comptox-chemicals-dashboard-release-notes"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-03-d923-niosh-npgd0529","type":"regulatory","title":"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Propionic acid","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0529.html"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-25-d897-eu-cellar-02000L0039-20210520","type":"regulatory","title":"Consolidated TEXT: 32000L0039 — EN — 20.05.2021","url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/02000L0039-20210520"},{"id":"pubchem-computed-cid-1032","type":"database","title":"PubChem computed properties for CID 1032 (computed, not measured; as recorded by PubChem)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1032"},{"id":"doc-2026-10-03-d975-ecotox-ascii-09-15-2026","type":"database","title":"EPA ECOTOX Knowledgebase ASCII release ecotox_ascii_09_15_2026","url":"https://gaftp.epa.gov/ecotox/ecotox_ascii_09_15_2026.zip"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-30-d918-oehha-prop65-list-csv-own-url","type":"regulatory","title":"OEHHA Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens or Reproductive Toxicants (CSV, list date 31-Jul-26)","url":"https://oehha.ca.gov/sites/default/files/media/2025-01/p65chemicalslist.csv"},{"id":"pubchem-exp-cameo-chemicals-cid-1032","type":"database","title":"CAMEO Chemicals, as recorded by PubChem (Experimental Properties, CID 1032; where-to-look, not a source of this value)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1032/JSON?heading=Experimental+Properties"},{"id":"pubchem-exp-hazardous-substances-data-bank-cid-1032","type":"database","title":"Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), as recorded by PubChem (Experimental Properties, CID 1032; where-to-look, not a source of this value)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1032/JSON?heading=Experimental+Properties"},{"id":"pubchem-exp-the-national-institute-for-occupational--cid-1032","type":"database","title":"The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), as recorded by PubChem (Experimental Properties, CID 1032; where-to-look, not a source of this value)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1032/JSON?heading=Experimental+Properties"},{"id":"pubchem-exp-pac-chemical-database-u-s-department-of--cid-1032","type":"database","title":"PAC Chemical Database, U.S. Department of Energy, as recorded by PubChem (Experimental Properties, CID 1032; where-to-look, not a source of this value)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/1032/JSON?heading=Experimental+Properties"},{"id":"ctx_pred_dtxsid8025961","type":"reference","title":"EPA CompTox CTX API: predicted properties for DTXSID8025961 (Propionic acid (E280))","url":"https://comptox.epa.gov/ctx-api/chemical/property/predicted/search/by-dtxsid/DTXSID8025961"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-01-echa-annex-vi-clp-table-atp23-xlsx","type":"regulatory","title":"ECHA Annex VI to CLP: the unofficial Excel table (up to and including the 23rd ATP)","url":"https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17218/annex_vi_clp_table_atp23_en.xlsx/b3816c13-81a3-816d-773a-62e88c4e2700?t=1761727004499"},{"id":"pubchem-computed-structure-cid-1032","type":"database","title":"PubChem computed structure descriptors for CID 1032 (computed, not measured; as recorded by PubChem)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1032"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-18-a5oj-eu-cellar-32008r1272-oj","type":"regulatory","title":"Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on classification, labelling and packaging of substances and mixtures, amending and repealing Directives 67/548/EEC and 1999/45/EC, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006: Annex VI, Part 3, Table 3.1 (Official Journal L 353, 31.12.2008)","year":2008,"url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/32008R1272"}],"sources_scope":"record","derived_markers":[],"warnings":["unmapped_classification:IARC:not evaluated by iarc for carcinogenicity — propio","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: positiv","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: positiv","single_source_warning"],"meta":{"synthesis_version":"1.1.0","config_version":"1.1.0","n_sources":1,"db_version":47,"warnings":["unmapped_classification:IARC:not evaluated by iarc for carcinogenicity — propio","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: positiv","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: positiv"]},"schema":"synthesis","_notice":"ALETHEIA output is reference data, not professional advice. Not a substitute for primary agency sources or qualified professionals. See https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer.","_disclaimer_url":"https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer","available_contexts":["human_adult","human_child","aquatic_life","human_teen","human_elderly","human_infant","human_pregnant"]}