{"hq_id":"hq-c-mix-000067","name":"PM2.5 (fine particulate matter)","context":"human_adult","timestamp":"2026-10-27T20:59:51.633Z","derived_by":{"label":"ALETHEIA-derived","engine":{"commit":"a1c6e861599cc34c5db0318ea1a7ac13a327e074","commit_source":"vercel_env","tree_clean":null},"params":{"sha256":"88ae43137e58ed0cd65588409efefee0d90253da01ef4459bf9ee25f888ec9a0","files":["axes.json","context-specificity.json","regulatory-mappings.json","synthesis-params.json","thresholds.json"]},"clock":{"year":2026},"inputs":[{"id":"hq-c-mix-000067","sha256":"a123cce129d9007f22ecee8b429c57addc0716e1cec42b361eaf430aa215d83f"}]},"risk_level":"severe","risk_profile":{"magnitude":{"mean":0.800329,"weightedMean":0.800329,"std_dev":0.161993,"confidence_interval_95":[0.625,0.95],"source_positions":[{"source":"IARC","year":2016,"value":0.95,"weight":0.41},{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.625,"weight":0.35}]},"confidence":{"mean":0.672632,"weightedMean":0.672632,"std_dev":0.159501,"confidence_interval_95":[0.5,0.82],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.5,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2016,"value":0.82,"weight":0.41}]},"recency":{"mean":0.730263,"weightedMean":0.730263,"std_dev":0.24922,"confidence_interval_95":[0.5,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":1,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2016,"value":0.5,"weight":0.41}]},"methodology":{"mean":0.861842,"weightedMean":0.861842,"std_dev":0.149532,"confidence_interval_95":[0.7,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.7,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2016,"value":1,"weight":0.41}]},"specificity":{"mean":0.828289,"weightedMean":0.828289,"std_dev":0.084735,"confidence_interval_95":[0.75,0.92],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.92,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2016,"value":0.75,"weight":0.41}]},"consensus":{"exists":false,"strength":0,"disagreement_magnitude":0.339684,"warning":"limited_synthesis"}},"interpretation":{"summary":"Regulatory agencies show substantial disagreement. IARC classifies as higher risk (95th percentile), while HQ_DIRECT concludes lower risk (63th percentile).","confidence_note":"Moderate-quality evidence base.","context_note":null,"warning":"limited_synthesis"},"sources":[{"id":"iarc_outdoor_air_pollution_vol109_2016","type":"regulatory","title":"IARC Monographs Volume 109 (2016) — Outdoor Air Pollution Group 1 Carcinogenic to Humans + Particulate Matter as separate Group 1 entity (sufficient evidence for lung cancer; positive association with bladder cancer)","year":2016,"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK368024/"},{"id":"epa_naaqs_pm25_2012","type":"regulatory","title":"US EPA National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for PM2.5 — primary annual standard 9.0 µg/m³ (revised Feb 2024, lowered from 12.0), 24-hour 35 µg/m³","year":2024,"url":"https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution/national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs-pm"},{"id":"who_global_aqg_pm25_2021","type":"regulatory","title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines (2021 revision) — PM2.5 annual mean 5 µg/m³ recommended + 24-hour 15 µg/m³ recommended (strengthened from 2005 levels of 10 + 25)","year":2021,"url":"https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/345329"},{"id":"dockery_six_cities_pm25_1993","type":"study","title":"Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X et al. — An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities (canonical Six Cities cohort framework establishing PM2.5-mortality association, NEJM)","year":1993,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8179653/"},{"id":"pope_pm25_acs_cohort_2002","type":"study","title":"Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ et al. — Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution (American Cancer Society cohort, JAMA — IARC-109-driving framework)","year":2002,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11879110/"},{"id":"epa_isa_pm_2019","type":"regulatory","title":"US EPA Integrated Science Assessment (ISA) for Particulate Matter — Final Report, December 2019 (EPA/600/R-19/188): determined a 'likely to be causal' relationship between long-term PM2.5 exposure and lung cancer (upgraded from 'suggestive' in the 2009 PM ISA), and 'causal' relationships for cardiovascular and total mortality","year":2019},{"id":"r60-2026-09-26-d867-cc3-niosh-npg-nengapdxc","type":"regulatory","title":"Supplementary Exposure Limits | NIOSH | CDC","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/nengapdxc.html"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-25-d867-ecfr-29cfr1926-subpartD","type":"regulatory","title":"Subpart D—Occupational Health and Environmental Controls","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-01/title-29.xml?part=1926&subpart=D"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-24-d867-ecfr-29cfr1910.1000","type":"regulatory","title":"§ 1910.1000 Air contaminants.","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-22/title-29.xml?part=1910&section=1910.1000"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-24-d867-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-2021","type":"regulatory","title":"WHO, WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide (2021)","url":"https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/551b515e-2a32-4e1a-a58c-cdaecd395b19/content"}],"sources_scope":"record","derived_markers":[],"warnings":["unmapped_classification:EPA:criteria air pollutant under clean air act. naaqs:","unmapped_classification:WHO:air quality guideline 5 µg/m³ annual mean (2021)","unmapped_classification:EU:ambient air quality directive limit value 25 µg/m³","limited_synthesis"],"meta":{"synthesis_version":"1.1.0","config_version":"1.1.0","n_sources":2,"db_version":6,"warnings":["unmapped_classification:EPA:criteria air pollutant under clean air act. naaqs:","unmapped_classification:WHO:air quality guideline 5 µg/m³ annual mean (2021)","unmapped_classification:EU:ambient air quality directive limit value 25 µg/m³"]},"schema":"synthesis","_notice":"ALETHEIA output is reference data, not professional advice. Not a substitute for primary agency sources or qualified professionals. See https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer.","_disclaimer_url":"https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer","available_contexts":["human_adult","human_child","occupational","human_teen","human_elderly","aquatic_life","human_infant","human_pregnant","exposure_dermal","exposure_inhalation","exposure_ingestion","exposure_ocular","occupational_exposure"]}