{"hq_id":"hq-c-mix-000037","name":"Welding Fumes","context":"human_adult","timestamp":"2026-10-27T20:59:52.098Z","derived_by":{"label":"ALETHEIA-derived","engine":{"commit":"a1c6e861599cc34c5db0318ea1a7ac13a327e074","commit_source":"vercel_env","tree_clean":null},"params":{"sha256":"88ae43137e58ed0cd65588409efefee0d90253da01ef4459bf9ee25f888ec9a0","files":["axes.json","context-specificity.json","regulatory-mappings.json","synthesis-params.json","thresholds.json"]},"clock":{"year":2026},"inputs":[{"id":"hq-c-mix-000037","sha256":"8847dd6707215e74fc31341682d4b5fc39a0e77fc952f989bddbc11921515617"}]},"risk_level":"severe","risk_profile":{"magnitude":{"mean":0.800329,"weightedMean":0.800329,"std_dev":0.161993,"confidence_interval_95":[0.625,0.95],"source_positions":[{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.95,"weight":0.41},{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.625,"weight":0.35}]},"confidence":{"mean":0.672632,"weightedMean":0.672632,"std_dev":0.159501,"confidence_interval_95":[0.5,0.82],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.5,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.82,"weight":0.41}]},"recency":{"mean":0.730263,"weightedMean":0.730263,"std_dev":0.24922,"confidence_interval_95":[0.5,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":1,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.5,"weight":0.41}]},"methodology":{"mean":0.861842,"weightedMean":0.861842,"std_dev":0.149532,"confidence_interval_95":[0.7,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.7,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":1,"weight":0.41}]},"specificity":{"mean":0.828289,"weightedMean":0.828289,"std_dev":0.084735,"confidence_interval_95":[0.75,0.92],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.92,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.75,"weight":0.41}]},"consensus":{"exists":false,"strength":0,"disagreement_magnitude":0.339684,"warning":"limited_synthesis"}},"interpretation":{"summary":"Regulatory agencies show substantial disagreement. IARC classifies as higher risk (95th percentile), while HQ_DIRECT concludes lower risk (63th percentile).","confidence_note":"Moderate-quality evidence base.","context_note":null,"warning":"limited_synthesis"},"sources":[{"id":"iarc_welding_fumes_2018","type":"regulatory","title":"IARC Monographs Volume 118: Welding, Molybdenum Trioxide, and Indium Tin Oxide","year":2018,"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543198/"},{"id":"niosh_welding_fumes_pocket_guide","type":"regulatory","title":"NIOSH: welding fume treated as a potential occupational carcinogen — lowest feasible concentration (the former 5 mg/m³ total-fume REL was withdrawn; no current numeric welding-fume REL)","year":2019,"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0666.html"},{"id":"osha_welding_fumes_pel","type":"regulatory","title":"OSHA: no single welding-fume PEL — regulated per constituent (Mn, iron oxide as PNOR, Pb, etc.) under Table Z-1, plus 29 CFR 1910.1026 for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in stainless-steel welding","year":2020,"url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1026"},{"id":"aws_welding_fumes_safety_framework","type":"regulatory","title":"American Welding Society — ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (engineering-controls + LEV + ventilation + respirator + total-fume-management cohort framework)","year":2021,"url":"https://www.aws.org/standards/page/ansi-z491"},{"id":"honaryar_welding_lung_cancer_2019","type":"study","title":"Honaryar MK, Lunn RM, Luce D et al. — Welding fumes and lung cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies (post-IARC-118 confirmatory pooled analysis driving Group 1 reaffirmation)","year":2019,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948521/"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-30-d918-oehha-prop65-list-csv-own-url","type":"regulatory","title":"PROPOSITION 65 LIST OF CARCINOGENS OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICANTS","year":2026,"url":"https://oehha.ca.gov/sites/default/files/media/2025-01/p65chemicalslist.csv"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-24-d869-iarc-monographs-available","type":"regulatory","title":"IARC Monographs — Monographs available (index)","year":2026,"url":"https://monographs.iarc.who.int/monographs-available/"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-26-d867-cc1-iarc-list-of-classifications-loc-app","type":"regulatory","title":"IARC's List of Classifications DATA, as the IARC list page loads it","url":"https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-24-d867-ecfr-29cfr1910.1026","type":"regulatory","title":"29 CFR 1910.1026 Chromium (VI) — eCFR full-text XML, 2026-09-22","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-22/title-29.xml?part=1910&section=1910.1026"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-25-d867-ecfr-29cfr1915-subpartZ","type":"regulatory","title":"29 CFR 1915 Subpart Z (incl. 1915.1000 Table Z—Shipyards) Toxic and Hazardous Substances (eCFR, as of 2026-09-01)","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-01/title-29.xml?part=1915&subpart=Z"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-28-d899-s1-b03-ecfr-29cfr1926.1126","type":"regulatory","title":"29 CFR 1926.1126 Chromium (VI) (construction) — eCFR versioner full XML, up to date as of 2026-09-22","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-22/title-29.xml?part=1926&section=1926.1126"}],"sources_scope":"record","derived_markers":[],"warnings":["limited_synthesis"],"meta":{"synthesis_version":"1.1.0","config_version":"1.1.0","n_sources":2,"db_version":16},"schema":"synthesis","_notice":"ALETHEIA output is reference data, not professional advice. Not a substitute for primary agency sources or qualified professionals. See https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer.","_disclaimer_url":"https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer","available_contexts":["human_adult","human_child","aquatic_life","human_teen","human_elderly","human_infant","human_pregnant","exposure_dermal","exposure_inhalation","exposure_ingestion","exposure_ocular","occupational_exposure"]}