{"hq_id":"hq-c-mix-000037","name":"Welding Fumes","context":"human_adult","timestamp":"2026-08-28T04:04:03.668Z","risk_level":"severe","risk_profile":{"magnitude":{"mean":0.800329,"weightedMean":0.800329,"std_dev":0.161993,"confidence_interval_95":[0.95,0.95],"source_positions":[{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.95,"weight":0.41},{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.625,"weight":0.35}]},"confidence":{"mean":0.672632,"weightedMean":0.672632,"std_dev":0.159501,"confidence_interval_95":[0.82,0.82],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.5,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.82,"weight":0.41}]},"recency":{"mean":0.730263,"weightedMean":0.730263,"std_dev":0.24922,"confidence_interval_95":[1,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":1,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.5,"weight":0.41}]},"methodology":{"mean":0.861842,"weightedMean":0.861842,"std_dev":0.149532,"confidence_interval_95":[1,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.7,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":1,"weight":0.41}]},"specificity":{"mean":0.828289,"weightedMean":0.828289,"std_dev":0.084735,"confidence_interval_95":[0.92,0.92],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.92,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2018,"value":0.75,"weight":0.41}]},"consensus":{"exists":false,"strength":0,"disagreement_magnitude":0.339684,"warning":"limited_synthesis"}},"interpretation":{"summary":"Regulatory agencies show substantial disagreement. IARC classifies as higher risk (95th percentile), while HQ_DIRECT concludes lower risk (63th percentile).","confidence_note":"Moderate-quality evidence base.","context_note":null,"warning":"limited_synthesis"},"sources":[{"id":"iarc_welding_fumes_2018","type":"regulatory","title":"IARC Monographs Volume 118 2018 Welding Fumes Reclassified Group 2B to Group 1; Lung Cancer RR ~1.4 Meta-analysis; Manganese Neurotoxicity Manganism Parkinson-Like; Cr(VI) Nickel Stainless Steel Welding; Metal Fume Fever Zinc Oxide; 11 Million Professional Welders; EU CLP Carc 1B; NIOSH REL OSHA PEL 1mg/m3","year":2018,"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543198/"},{"id":"niosh_welding_fumes_pocket_guide","type":"regulatory","title":"NIOSH: welding fume treated as a potential occupational carcinogen — lowest feasible concentration (the former 5 mg/m³ total-fume REL was withdrawn; no current numeric welding-fume REL)","year":2019,"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0666.html"},{"id":"osha_welding_fumes_pel","type":"regulatory","title":"OSHA: no single welding-fume PEL — regulated per constituent (Mn, iron oxide as PNOR, Pb, etc.) under Table Z-1, plus 29 CFR 1910.1026 for hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] in stainless-steel welding","year":2020,"url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1026"},{"id":"aws_welding_fumes_safety_framework","type":"regulatory","title":"American Welding Society — ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (engineering-controls + LEV + ventilation + respirator + total-fume-management cohort framework)","year":2021,"url":"https://www.aws.org/standards/page/ansi-z491"},{"id":"honaryar_welding_lung_cancer_2019","type":"study","title":"Honaryar MK, Lunn RM, Luce D et al. — Welding fumes and lung cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies (post-IARC-118 confirmatory pooled analysis driving Group 1 reaffirmation)","year":2019,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30948521/"}],"sources_scope":"record","warnings":["limited_synthesis"],"meta":{"synthesis_version":"1.1.0","config_version":"1.1.0","n_sources":2,"db_version":12},"schema":"synthesis","_notice":"ALETHEIA output is reference data, not professional advice. Not a substitute for primary agency sources or qualified professionals. See https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer.","_disclaimer_url":"https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer","available_contexts":["human_adult","human_child","aquatic_life","human_teen","human_elderly","human_infant","human_pregnant","exposure_dermal","exposure_inhalation","exposure_ingestion","exposure_ocular","occupational_exposure"]}