{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000224","name":"Copper sulfate pentahydrate","context":"human_adult","risk_level":"moderate_to_high","schema":"legacy","note":"Synthesis unavailable: compound lacks vectorizable regulatory classifications. Raw safety data returned.","data":{"risk_level":"moderate_to_high","summary":"Copper sulfate pentahydrate is the most common commercial hydrated form of copper(II) sulfate (distinct from the anhydrous form catalogued as hq-c-ino-000073). Used as an aquarium ich (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis) and external parasite treatment at carefully metered doses (typically 0.15-0.20 mg/L free Cu²⁺), as an algicide in ponds and reservoirs (legal, regulated), as a fungicide in vineyards (Bordeaux mixture, with hydrated lime), and as a feed micronutrient. Acutely toxic to invertebrate aquatic life — kills snails, shrimp, and most freshwater invertebrates at therapeutic fish doses. Chronically toxic to scaleless fish (catfish, loaches, tetras with thin scales) at standard doses; species-specific dose adjustment required. Wilson's disease patients are extremely vulnerable — hepatic copper accumulation. Acute oral ingestion: vomiting (cuproprotectant emetic effect), gastritis, hemolytic anemia, hepatotoxicity at large doses; fatal at ~10-20 g for adults. Aqueous solutions are corrosive to copper-incompatible metals (galvanized iron, aluminum). Bordeaux-mixture vineyard residues are an established environmental contamination concern in wine-growing regions; soil copper accumulation persists for decades.","source_refs":["src_pubchem","src_phase62_batch"]},"meta":{"synthesis_version":"n/a","timestamp":"2026-07-27T04:58:28.590Z"},"_notice":"ALETHEIA output is reference data, not professional advice. Not a substitute for primary agency sources or qualified professionals. See https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer.","_disclaimer_url":"https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer","available_contexts":["human_adult"]}