{"hq_id":"hq-c-ino-000001","name":"Lead (Pb)","context":"human_adult","timestamp":"2026-10-27T19:12:49.959Z","derived_by":{"label":"ALETHEIA-derived","engine":{"commit":"a1c6e861599cc34c5db0318ea1a7ac13a327e074","commit_source":"vercel_env","tree_clean":null},"params":{"sha256":"88ae43137e58ed0cd65588409efefee0d90253da01ef4459bf9ee25f888ec9a0","files":["axes.json","context-specificity.json","regulatory-mappings.json","synthesis-params.json","thresholds.json"]},"clock":{"year":2026},"inputs":[{"id":"hq-c-ino-000001","sha256":"1391278023abebf96ae5d9c975143f23532650e3487c2a904adf3bcef9dfcf0d"}]},"risk_level":"high","risk_profile":{"magnitude":{"mean":0.685841,"weightedMean":0.685841,"std_dev":0.048438,"confidence_interval_95":[0.625,0.75],"source_positions":[{"source":"US EPA","year":2004,"value":0.75,"weight":0.41},{"source":"IARC","year":2006,"value":0.7,"weight":0.41},{"source":"EPA CTX / NTP RoC","year":2021,"value":0.65,"weight":0.30176},{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.625,"weight":0.35}]},"confidence":{"mean":0.743901,"weightedMean":0.743901,"std_dev":0.136238,"confidence_interval_95":[0.5,0.82],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.5,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2006,"value":0.82,"weight":0.41},{"source":"US EPA","year":2004,"value":0.82,"weight":0.41},{"source":"EPA CTX / NTP RoC","year":2021,"value":0.82,"weight":0.30176}]},"recency":{"mean":0.591841,"weightedMean":0.591841,"std_dev":0.233646,"confidence_interval_95":[0.368,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":1,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2006,"value":0.5,"weight":0.41},{"source":"US EPA","year":2004,"value":0.5,"weight":0.41},{"source":"EPA CTX / NTP RoC","year":2021,"value":0.368,"weight":0.30176}]},"methodology":{"mean":0.928657,"weightedMean":0.928657,"std_dev":0.127723,"confidence_interval_95":[0.7,1],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.7,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2006,"value":1,"weight":0.41},{"source":"US EPA","year":2004,"value":1,"weight":0.41},{"source":"EPA CTX / NTP RoC","year":2021,"value":1,"weight":0.30176}]},"specificity":{"mean":0.790428,"weightedMean":0.790428,"std_dev":0.072376,"confidence_interval_95":[0.75,0.92],"source_positions":[{"source":"HQ_DIRECT","year":2026,"value":0.92,"weight":0.35},{"source":"IARC","year":2006,"value":0.75,"weight":0.41},{"source":"US EPA","year":2004,"value":0.75,"weight":0.41},{"source":"EPA CTX / NTP RoC","year":2021,"value":0.75,"weight":0.30176}]},"consensus":{"exists":false,"strength":0.67708,"disagreement_magnitude":0.308845,"warning":null}},"interpretation":{"summary":"Regulatory agencies show substantial disagreement. US EPA classifies as higher risk (75th percentile), while HQ_DIRECT concludes lower risk (63th percentile).","confidence_note":"Moderate-quality evidence base. Disagreement reflects methodological and interpretive differences, not data quality issues.","context_note":"Bone lead releases endogenously during aging, weight loss, and osteoporosis. Cognitive decline, memory impairment, and mood disorders documented at low levels.","warning":null},"sources":[{"id":"src_001","type":"cdc","title":"CDC - Lead Poisoning Prevention","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/lead-prevention/"},{"id":"src_002","type":"who","title":"WHO - Lead Poisoning Fact Sheet","year":2024,"url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health"},{"id":"src_003","type":"ihme","title":"IHME Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 - Lead Exposure","url":"https://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/ihme-data/gbd-2021-lead-exposure-estimates-1990-2021"},{"id":"src_004","type":"journal","title":"Angrand et al. Relation of blood lead levels and lead in gasoline: an updated systematic review","year":2022,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00936-x"},{"id":"src_005","type":"journal","title":"Silbergeld et al. Lead and osteoporosis: mobilization of lead from bone in postmenopausal women","year":1988,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3168967/"},{"id":"src_006","type":"vet","title":"Merck Veterinary Manual - Lead Poisoning","url":"https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/lead-poisoning"},{"id":"src_007","type":"cdc","title":"ATSDR - Toxicological Profile for Lead","url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf"},{"id":"src_008","type":"journal","title":"Reuben et al. Association of Childhood Lead Exposure With Adult Personality Traits and Lifelong Mental Health","year":2019,"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30673063/"},{"id":"src_009","type":"journal","title":"Kovarik. Charles F. Kettering and the 1921 discovery of tetraethyl lead","url":"https://billkovarik.com/bio/cabi/ket-tel/"},{"id":"src_010","type":"journal","title":"McFarland et al. Half of US population exposed to adverse lead levels in early childhood","year":2022,"url":"https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2118631119"},{"id":"src_011","type":"journal","title":"Reuben A. Childhood Lead Exposure and Adult Neurodegenerative Disease. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (2018) -- corrected author attribution (the record misattributed this to \"Bellinger\"; David Bellinger is thanked only for correspondence/review in the acknowledgments, not an author)","year":2018,"url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6454899/"},{"id":"src_012","type":"journal","title":"The Lancet Planetary Health - Global health burden and cost of lead exposure","year":2023,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00166-3"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-24-d867-ecfr-29cfr1910.1025","type":"regulatory","title":"§ 1910.1025 Lead.","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-22/title-29.xml?part=1910&section=1910.1025"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-24-d867-ecfr-40cfr141.62","type":"regulatory","title":"§ 141.62 Maximum contaminant levels for inorganic contaminants.","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-22/title-40.xml?part=141&section=141.62"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-26-d867-cc2-ecfr-40cfr141.51","type":"regulatory","title":"§ 141.51 Maximum contaminant level goals for inorganic contaminants.","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-24/title-40.xml?part=141&section=141.51"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-27-d867-cc1-ecfr-40cfr141.80","type":"regulatory","title":"§ 141.80 General requirements and action level.","url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/api/versioner/v1/full/2026-09-24/title-40.xml?part=141&section=141.80"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-28-d899-s2-b02-epa-npdwr-table","type":"regulatory","title":"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations | US EPA","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-26-d867-cc1-iarc-list-of-classifications-loc-app","type":"regulatory","title":"IARC Monographs, List of Classifications","year":2026,"url":"https://monographs.iarc.who.int/list-of-classifications"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-26-d867-cc4-iris-landing-277-lead","type":"regulatory","title":"Lead and compounds (inorganic) | CASRN 7439-92-1 | DTXSID2024161 | IRIS | US EPA, ORD","url":"https://iris.epa.gov/ChemicalLanding/&substance_nmbr=277"},{"id":"echa-chem-reach-registrations","type":"regulatory","title":"ECHA CHEM, Download all substances: REACH registrations (ECHA's own list of REACH-registered substances)","year":2026,"url":"https://chem.echa.europa.eu/"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-02-d983-ac4-ctx-apis-data-domains","type":"regulatory","title":"Computational Toxicology and Exposure APIs: Data Domains (EPA CCTE)","url":"https://www.epa.gov/comptox-tools/computational-toxicology-and-exposure-apis-data-domains"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-02-d983-ac4-ctx-dashboard-release-notes","type":"regulatory","title":"CompTox Chemicals Dashboard: Release Notes (EPA)","url":"https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/comptox-chemicals-dashboard-release-notes"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-26-d867-cc2-govinfo-cfr2020-40cfr141.80","type":"regulatory","title":"§ 141.80 General requirements. (40 CFR, Protection of Environment; annual edition of 2020-07-01)","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2020-title40-vol25/xml/CFR-2020-title40-vol25-sec141-80.xml"},{"id":"pubchem-computed-cid-5352425","type":"database","title":"PubChem computed properties for CID 5352425 (computed, not measured; as recorded by PubChem)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5352425"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-30-d907-8f9310bb8b","type":"regulatory","title":"ATSDR - Toxicological Profile for Lead","url":"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp13.pdf"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-30-d918-oehha-prop65-list-csv-own-url","type":"regulatory","title":"OEHHA Proposition 65 List of Carcinogens or Reproductive Toxicants (CSV, list date 31-Jul-26)","url":"https://oehha.ca.gov/sites/default/files/media/2025-01/p65chemicalslist.csv"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-27-d820-osha-annotated-table-z-1","type":"regulatory","title":"Permissible Exposure Limits – OSHA Annotated Table Z-1","url":"https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels/table-z-1"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-08-d974-tedx-list-full-export","type":"reference_database","title":"TEDX List of Potential Endocrine Disruptors, full export (Excel from the publisher's own search, operator-saved 2026-10-08; list last updated September 2018)","url":"https://endocrinedisruption.org/interactive-tools/tedx-list-of-potential-endocrine-disruptors/search-the-tedx-list"},{"id":"pubchem-exp-cameo-chemicals-cid-5352425","type":"database","title":"CAMEO Chemicals, as recorded by PubChem (Experimental Properties, CID 5352425; where-to-look, not a source of this value)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/rest/pug_view/data/compound/5352425/JSON?heading=Experimental+Properties"},{"id":"r60-2026-09-27-d820-cdc-nhanes-blood-lead-2011-2018","type":"reference","title":"Blood Lead (2011 - 2018), CDC NHANES table (Biomonitoring Data Tables for Environmental Chemicals), text download","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/data_tables.html"},{"id":"r60-2026-10-01-echa-annex-vi-clp-table-atp23-xlsx","type":"regulatory","title":"ECHA Annex VI to CLP: the unofficial Excel table (up to and including the 23rd ATP)","url":"https://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17218/annex_vi_clp_table_atp23_en.xlsx/b3816c13-81a3-816d-773a-62e88c4e2700?t=1761727004499"},{"id":"pubchem-computed-structure-cid-5352425","type":"database","title":"PubChem computed structure descriptors for CID 5352425 (computed, not measured; as recorded by PubChem)","year":2026,"url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5352425"}],"sources_scope":"record","derived_markers":[],"warnings":["year_inferred:EPA CTX / NTP RoC:2021","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: negativ","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: negativ","unmapped_classification:ECHA eChemPortal, as recorded by ToxValDB:skin irritation: in vivo: studies indicate no sign","unmapped_classification:ECHA eChemPortal, as recorded by ToxValDB:eye irritation: in vivo: studies indicate no signi","unmapped_classification:ECHA eChemPortal, as recorded by ToxValDB:skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-llna): not likely"],"meta":{"synthesis_version":"1.1.0","config_version":"1.1.0","n_sources":4,"db_version":47,"warnings":["year_inferred:EPA CTX / NTP RoC:2021","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: negativ","unmapped_classification:US EPA (CompTox genotoxicity summary):epa comptox computed genotoxicity summary: negativ","unmapped_classification:ECHA eChemPortal, as recorded by ToxValDB:skin irritation: in vivo: studies indicate no sign","unmapped_classification:ECHA eChemPortal, as recorded by ToxValDB:eye irritation: in vivo: studies indicate no signi","unmapped_classification:ECHA eChemPortal, as recorded by ToxValDB:skin sensitisation: in vivo (non-llna): not likely"]},"schema":"synthesis","_notice":"ALETHEIA output is reference data, not professional advice. Not a substitute for primary agency sources or qualified professionals. See https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer.","_disclaimer_url":"https://aletheia.holisticquality.io/disclaimer","available_contexts":["human_adult","human_child","human_pregnant","human_elderly","dog","cat","human_teen","human_infant","exposure_dermal","exposure_inhalation","exposure_ingestion","exposure_ocular","occupational_exposure"]}